Topic outline
Life history of ๐ด๐๐๐๐๐ฆ๐ก๐๐ sp. ร SDGs
ใIt is important to fish while keeping the ocean healthy and abundant. How do we determine the amount of fishery resources we can catch? If humans catch fish, the amount of fishery resources will decrease, but the amount of fishery resources also fluctuates greatly due to natural causes. In particular, we need to focus on the survival rate during the larval stage. I would like to contribute to the SDGs (9 INDUSTRY, INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE and 14 LIFE BELOW WATER) through an accurate understanding of these issues.
The United Nations has designated the decade starting in 2021 as the "Decade of Ocean Science," with the aim of contributing to the SDGs. Ocean science, as defined by the UN, includes the field of fisheries.
๐ด๐๐๐๐๐ฆ๐ก๐๐ spp. ("Ikanago-zoku" in Japanese, also known as "ikanago", โkounagoโ, โoonagoโ, and โmeroudoโ) around the Japanese archipelago
ยท Three species of Ammodytes spp. are observed around the Japanese archipelago.
1. Ammodytes japonicus
Inhabits the Seto Inland Sea, Ise Bay, Wakasa Bay, Mutsu Bay, Sanriku Coast, and around Hokkaido
2. Ammodytes heian
Inhabits Mutsu Bay, Sanriku Coast, and around Hokkaido
3. Ammodytes hexapterus
Inhabits around Ishikari Bay and Wakkanai around Hokkaido (does not inhabit Mutsu Bay)
Before 2015, 1 and 2 were classified as Ammodytes personatus, but DNA analysis results showed that two species were mixed. They can only be distinguished by DNA analysis.
The distinction between Ammodytes hexapterus and 1-2 can be roughly made by the spawning season and the number of soft dorsal fins, but in practice, distinguishing by its external appearance is almost impossible. DNA analysis is ideal for this species as well.
Since 2015, A. personatus has inhabited the Pacific Coast of California from the Bering Sea and no longer inhabits the waters around Japan (Orr et al., 2015).
There is also a confusingly-named Japanese fish, the "Shiwa-ikanago". However, the scientific name of this species is Hypoptychus dybowskii and it is a member of the sub-order Gasterosteoidei.
Differences between ๐ด๐๐๐๐๐ฆ๐ก๐๐ sp. larvae and juveniles
Generally:
ยท The stage observed immediately after hatching from an egg is known as larva. Many marine fish species, including Ammodytes spp., exhibit vulnerable morphologies that do not resemble the parent fish.
ยท As it subsequently grows, the cartilage transforms into the bone from the head to the tail (called โossificationโ).
ยท In contrast, the fin rays are completed from the tail to the head in many fish, with the pectoral fins being complete at the end. When the numbers of fin rays in all fins are the same as those of the parent fish, the transformation is complete, and its name changes to that of a juvenile.
ยท Many larvae are planktonic (floating inhabitants).
These are the distinctions between early larval, late larval, and juvenile stages.
๐ด๐๐๐๐๐ฆ๐ก๐๐ spp. catch in Japan
Fishing boats turn on the lights at night and scoop up the emerging juveniles with a net. These juveniles are also called โKounagoโ. The fish that are dried in the sun and shipped are called โKounago Chirimenโ, and they are consumed as a sweet โkuginiโ (photograph below) in the Kansai region.
Life history of ๐ด๐๐๐๐๐ฆ๐ก๐๐ sp. in Mutsu Bay
A spawning ground is observed for Ammodytes sp. on the seafloor at the mouth part of Mutsu Bay in Aomori Prefecture. The larvae that hatch on the seafloor around February and begin to live a plankton life in West Bay of Mutsu Bay.
There is unpublished data that two species of Ammodytes spp. are distributed in Mutsu Bay, but at the time of the following study, we recognized only one species (former Ammodytes personatus), so we refer to it here as Ammodytes sp.
When they subsequently grow into juveniles by May, they begin to live on the seafloor from the west side of the West Bay to the bottom of the mouth of the bay during the daytime (Fig. 1).
Mortality at the early life stage
Ammodytes sp. matures at the age of 2-5 years and annually spawns 22,000-66,000 eggs per female. Of these eggs, if a total of two fishes (one male, one female) survive and mature to participate in spawning without dying of natural or fishing causes, then the Ammodytes resource will be maintained.
Based on the calculations from the number of spawned eggs, their survival rate is 0.0031 โ 0.0089%, and the probability is as low as that of winning the lottery.
The survival rate is lower during the small and frail egg or larva/juvenile period than during the immature and adult fish stages. This is called โearly reductionโ. Furthermore, slight changes in environmental factors can have a large effect on early reduction. There are various theories as to why early reduction occurs. For example:
Starvation hypothesis: small larvae exhibit a slow swimming speed. Hence, low food densities can lead to hunger and death.
Transport hypothesis: Small larvae are plankton with poor swimming ability. Hence, they cannot swim to thermoclines (a layer of water in which its temperature and salinity change rapidly) and habitats that are easier to live in the way that nekton can. The survival rate would decrease if the larvae are carried away into the open ocean where they cannot survive due to abnormal ocean currents.
Water temperature hypothesis: Sudden drops in water temperature or high water temperatures result in mass death since they cannot escape.
Differences in the survival rate of 1% per day would result in a 40-fold difference after one year.
Should nurseries be released or be converted into aquaculture?
Investigating the causes in fluctuations of natural ๐ด๐๐๐๐๐ฆ๐ก๐๐ sp. (oceanographic survey)
Method 1: Charter the Hokkaido University School of Fisheries Sciences Training Ship Ushio-maru and a local fishing boat to collect the larvae of Ammodytes sp. with a plankton net and its food that is plankton with a bottle sampler.
Method 2: Conduct a three-year survey by measuring water temperature/salt content and seawater density every two weeks using an oceanographic device called a CTD.
Relationship between growth, feeding status, and environment of natural ๐ด๐๐๐๐๐ฆ๐ก๐๐ sp. larvae (analysis method)
These are the survey methods, data obtained, and analysis items for investigating the relationship between the growth, feeding status, and environment of natural Ammodytes sp. larvae.
Relationship between growth, feeding status, and environment of ๐ด๐๐๐๐๐ฆ๐ก๐๐ sp. larvae (results)
Path analysis results (Fig. 3)
Result 1: Separate analyses were conducted for early larvae (left) and late larvae (right). The values on the side and bottom of the arrows refer to the path coefficient ฮฒ (a sort of directional correlation coefficient). Positive values showed a positive correlation, whereas negative values showed a negative correlation.
Relationship between growth, feeding status, and environment of ๐ด๐๐๐๐๐ฆ๐ก๐๐ sp. larvae (analysis/discussion)
1. If the seawater density difference between depths of 5 m and 35 m is small (i.e., the inflow of river water into Mutsu Bay is small),
2. then vertical mixing in winter is promoted,
3. the number of food organisms increases,
4. more food is eaten,
5. and nutrients are accumulated between the periods of body lengths of 6 mm and 10 mm, and they become fat.
These could be proved statistically.
However, under low water temperatures:
6. the digestion rate slows down,
7. the food intake increases and the energy intake decreases,
but the effect of (3) (absolute values of ฮฒ = 0.75 and 0.66) is greater than the effect of (6) (absolute values of ฮฒ = โ0.45 and โ0.56[A1] ),
so it was statistically shown that the water temperature environment of Mutsu Bay was not as strong an effect for decreasing (5) body fat amount (can be calculated as an effect of 0.60 times (= 0.45 รท 0.75) to 0.85 times (= 0.56 รท 0.66).
Elucidation of the causes of resource fluctuations in ๐ด๐๐๐๐๐ฆ๐ก๐๐ sp. (result 2)
Differences in the yearly survival rate of Ammodytes sp. in Mutsu Bay are shown.
ยท The year 1999 demonstrated the highest density of larvae in three years but showed the fewest surviving juveniles. In other words, this signifies that there was large mortality between larval and juvenile periods. The slope of the line in the figure is small, so 1999 exhibited a low survival rate.
ยท In contrast, 2001 demonstrated a high survival rate.
Elucidation of the causes of resource fluctuations in ๐ด๐๐๐๐๐ฆ๐ก๐๐ sp. (result 3)
Annual changes in precipitation are shown.
ยท Of the three years between 1999 to 2001, 1999 witnessed a large amount of precipitation due to heavy rains flowing into Mutsu Bay in the fall of the previous year (September โ November 1998) (Fig. 5).
Relationship between environmental factors and nutritional status of Ammodytes sp. (analysis/discussion)
When the inflow of river water to the surface layer of Mutsu Bay in the fall of the previous year is small, vertical mixing in winter is promoted, the number of organisms that are utilized as food sources increases, and a large amount of food can be consumed, resulting in the accumulation of nutrients and fattening during the body length periods between 6 mm and 10 mm.
In contrast, large inflows of river water result in weight loss among the Ammodytes sp. (i.e., poor nutritional status).
Publicly available data can be used for analysis.
Recommendations for advanced forecasting and resource management
Discussion: combining results 1-3,
ใWe can predict that during the years when a large amount of precipitation is observed in the fall, a decrease in the amount of Ammonytes sp. is observed in the spring.ใIn these years, it may be necessary to control the catch in order to avoid overfishing.
How is the larva density, shown in Figure 4, determined?
ใThe number of eggs is generally proportional to the body weight of the female parent. Hence, if the nutritional status of the female parent is the same every year, then the number of eggs can be determined by the number of parents.
ใHowever, the survival rate of larvae fluctuates greatly due to natural phenomena as examined here, and there is no room for human control.
ใThe very least that humans can do (aside from seedling release) is to increase the number of female parent fishes by avoiding overfishing. Furthermore, prohibiting fishing would result in the growth of older and larger parent fish, and the number of eggs spawned would also increase. At that point, we would have to wait for years when the survival rate of larvae is high.