Glossary
ADP: Adenosine diphosphate
ATP: adenosine triphosphate
Actin: Protein that forms actin filaments
Actin filament: protein complex
Striated structure: pattern formed by the regular arrangement of actin and myosin that make up muscle fibers
Glycolytic system: metabolic pathway for sugar
Myoblasts: mononuclear cells that assemble to form muscle fibers
Myofibrils: microscopic fibers within muscle fibers
Myotomes: laminar structures found in the lateral muscles of fish
Myofiber: a muscle cell, a fibrous cell that makes up a muscle
Light chain: the smaller molecular weight of a protein consisting of two basic units, a large and a small one.
Enzyme: a proteinaceous catalyst
Cytosol: the cytoplasm minus the cell organelles
Sarcomere: unit of myofibrillar structure and muscle contraction
Heavy chain: the larger molecular weight of a protein consisting of two basic units, large and small.
Fast twitch muscle: muscle that contracts quickly.
Dark muscle: Muscle unique to fish.
Slow muscle: Slowly contracting muscle
Polypeptide chain: linear chain of amino acids connected by peptide bonds
Myosin: a type of protein
Myosin filament: a fibrous connection of myosin
Phosphoric acid: a type of oxoacid of phosphorus
(2) Extraction of protein (actomyosin) from Cyprinus carpio
Glossary
Actin: Protein that forms actin filaments
Centrifuge tube: container used in experiments with centrifuges
Glycolytic system: metabolic pathway for sugar
Myofibrils: microscopic fibers within muscle fibers
Column chromatography: A method of separating and purifying substances using a cylindrical container (column).
Buffer solution: A solution in which the pH does not change significantly with changing concentration.
Sarcoplasma fraction: a fraction of the cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
Enzyme: a proteinaceous catalyst
Cytosol: the cytoplasm minus the cell organelles
Sarcomere: unit of myofibrillar structure and muscle contraction
Thermal denaturation: denaturation of proteins at high temperatures
Myoglobin: a type of protein
Myosin: a type of protein
(3) Purification of actomyosin (dilution precipitation)
Glossary
KCl: potassium chloride
M (Mohler): mol/L
(4) Purification of actomyosin (centrifugation)
Glossary
Buffer solution: A solution in which the pH does not change significantly with changing concentration.
(5) Purification of actomyosin (dialysis)
用語集
Buffer solution: A solution in which the pH does not change significantly with changing concentration.
Dialysis: an operation to remove impurities by utilizing the inability of colloidal particles such as proteins to pass through a semipermeable membrane
Dialysis fluid: Solution in which the dialysis tubing is immersed.
(6) Measurement of actomyosin concentration
Glossary
Actomyosin: protein complex of actin and myosin
Absorbance: Amount of light absorbed by a solution
Calibration curve: a graph that defines the correspondence between the data obtained and the quantity of interest
Dialysis fluid: Solution in which the dialysis tubing is immersed.
Biuret method: a method for detecting proteins
Blank: A sample from which the target to be evaluated has been removed.
(7) Observation of super precipitation (explanation)
用語集
ADP: Adenosine diphosphate
ATP: adenosine triphosphate
Z-lines: Disc-like structures that partition the sarcomeres of striated myofibril
Actin: Protein that forms actin filaments
Actin filament: protein complex
Actomyosin: protein complex of actin and myosin
Uranium: Uranium, element with atomic number 92
Hydrolysis: reaction in which water reacts with a reactant to yield a decomposition product
Optical microscope: microscope that uses visible light
Enzyme: a proteinaceous catalyst
Uranium acetate: uranyl acetate, used in negative staining methods
Sarcomere: unit of myofibrillar structure and muscle contraction
Heavy metal: metallic element with a specific gravity of 4 or more
Superprecipitation: a specific precipitation of actomyosin caused by contraction when ATP is added
Electron beam: electron beam, a stream of electrons going in a certain direction
Transmission electron microscope: electron microscope in which an electron beam is applied to an object of observation and the intensity of the transmitted electron beam is observed.
Trifluoroacetic acid: one type of carboxylic acid
Tropomyosin: actin-binding protein
Nitrocellulose: nitrate ester of cellulose
Negative staining method: a method of observation by staining around a sample
Myosin filament: a fibrous connection of myosin
Myosin: a type of protein
Phosphoric acid: a type of oxoacid of phosphorus
(8) Observation of super precipitation (Implementation)
Glossary
ATP: adenosine triphosphate
KCl: potassium chloride
M (Mohler): mol/L
Actomyosin: protein complex of actin and myosin
Buffer solution: A solution in which the pH does not change significantly with changing concentration.
Control: control group
Plunger: component used for positioning during sliding
(9) Mechanism of contraction and relaxation of muscles
Glossary
ADP: Adenosine diphosphate ATP: adenosine triphosphate
ATPase: enzyme that degrades ATP
Actin: Protein that forms actin filaments
Actin filament: protein complex
Actomyosin: protein complex of actin and myosin
Calcium ion: calcium atom with a positive charge
Calcium pump: protein that transports calcium ions using ATP-derived energy
Calmodulin: a type of calcium-binding protein
Sarcoplasmic reticulum: vesicles that develop around myofibrils
Myofiber : a muscle cell, a fibrous cell that makes up a muscle
Light chain: the smaller molecular weight of a protein consisting of two basic units, a large and a small one.
Cytoplasm: the part of the protoplasm other than the nucleoplasm
Trifluoroacetic acid: one type of carboxylic acid
Troponin C: subunit of troponin, binds calcium ions
Troponin I: subunit of troponin, inhibits muscle contraction
Troponin T: subunit comprising troponin, binds tropomyosin
Tropomyosin: actin-binding protein
Myosin: a type of protein
Myosin filament: a fibrous connection of myosin Phosphoric acid: a type of oxoacid of phosphorus
(10) Measurement of ATPase activity
Glossary
ATP: adenosine triphosphate
ATPase: enzyme that degrades ATP
M (Mohler): mol/L Actomyosin: protein complex of actin and myosin
Absorbance: Amount of light absorbed by a solution
Parafilm: plastic paraffin film
Reaction mixture: Solution of a mixture
Blank: A sample from which the target to be evaluated has been removed.
Spectrophotometer: instrument for quantitative analysis by measuring the absorption spectrum of a solution
Phosphoric acid: a type of oxoacid of phosphorus
(11) Anion Exchange Chromatography (Explanation)
Glossary
DEAE: diethylaminoethyl
KCl: potassium chloride
M (Mohler): mol/L
Q-Sepharose: anion exchange carrier using agarose beads
Quaternary ammonium: Quaternary ammonium
Agarose: neutral polysaccharide that tends to gel
Anion exchanger functional group: functional group that has a positive charge and binds anions
Basic amino acids: Amino acids with basic side chains
Chloride ion: an anion of chlorine
Glycolytic system: metabolic pathway for sugar
Chemical modification: chemical change of a functional group Absorbance: Amount of light absorbed by a solution
Sarcoplasma fraction: a fraction of the cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
Buffer solution: A solution in which the pH does not change significantly with changing concentration.
Chromatography: a method of separating and purifying substances
Suspension: a state in which solid particles are dispersed in a liquid
Enzyme: a proteinaceous catalyst
Cytosol: the cytoplasm minus the cell organelles
Acidic amino acids: amino acids with acidic side chains
Carrier: a substance that serves as a foundation on which other substances are anchored
Aromatics: a group of aromatic compounds, cyclic unsaturated organic compounds
Myoglobin: a type of protein
Linear gradient: linear concentration gradient
Glossary
KCl: potassium chloride
M (Mohler): mol/L
SH group: thiol group
Antioxidant: Substance that prevents the oxidation of a partner by oxidizing itself
Disulfide bond: S-S bond formed between SH groups
Thiol compounds: compounds with SH groups
Glossary
ATP: adenosine triphosphate
M (Mohler): mol/L
Sarcoplasma fraction: a fraction of the cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
Chromatography: a method of separating and purifying substances
Dialysis: an operation to remove impurities by utilizing the inability of colloidal particles such as proteins to pass through a semipermeable membrane
Dialysis fluid: Solution in which the dialysis tubing is immersed.
Dialysis tubing: tubing made of semipermeable membrane
Glossary
M (Mohler): mol/L
Centrifuge tube: container used in experiments with centrifuges
Buffer solution: A solution in which the pH does not change significantly with changing concentration.
Dialysis: an operation to remove impurities by utilizing the inability of colloidal particles such as proteins to pass through a semipermeable membrane
Dialysis fluid: Solution in which the dialysis tubing is immersed.
Benzene ring: molecular structure consisting of carbon atoms bonded in a regular hexagonal shape
(15) Electrophoresis (sample preparation)
Glossary
ATPase: enzyme that degrades ATP
BPB: Bromophenol blue, a type of acid-base indicator
SDS: Sodium dodecyl sulfate, an anionic surfactant
Tris: Tris hydroxymethylaminomethane, a buffer
Actomyosin: protein complex of actin and myosin
Aluminum block thermostatic bath: a thermostatic bath in which aluminum blocks are used as a heat medium
Buffer solution: A solution in which the pH does not change significantly with changing concentration.
Electrophoresis: A method of separating proteins using the phenomenon of charged molecules moving in an electric field.
Dialysis: an operation to remove impurities by utilizing the inability of colloidal particles such as proteins to pass through a semipermeable membrane
Dialysis fluid: Solution in which the dialysis tubing is immersed.
Glossary
running buffer: buffer solution for electrophoresis
molecular sieving effect: difference in electrophoresis speed depending on the size of molecules
(18) Electrophoresis (interpretation of results)
Glossary
log: logarithm, the number that represents how many times a multiplied by b
Actin: Protein that forms actin filaments
Actomyosin: protein complex of actin and myosin
Calibration curve: a graph that defines the correspondence between the data obtained and the quantity of interest
Logarithm: a value that expresses how many times a multiplied by b
Trifluoroacetic acid: one type of carboxylic acid
Tropomyosin: actin-binding protein
Molecular weight: relative mass of a molecule with no unit; the standard is a carbon atom with atomic weight 12
Molecular weight marker: a criterion for the correspondence between mobility and molecular weight of a protein of known molecular weight.
(19) Mass spectrometry of peptides (Explanation)
Glossary
PMF: Peptide Mass Fingerprinting
Vacuum drying: Drying under reduced pressure
Trypsin: A digestive enzyme
intensity: intensity
resolution: minimum measurable value
mass spectrum: a tabular or graphical representation of the relative amounts of ionized atoms or molecules according to their m/z ratio of mass m to charge z
Proton: hydrogen cation
Molecular weight: relative mass of a molecule with no unit; the standard is a carbon atom with atomic weight 12
(20) Mass spectrometry of peptides (tryptic digestion in gel)
Glossary
CBB: Coomassie Brilliant Blue, a protein stain
Trypsin: A digestive enzyme
Vortex mixer: laboratory equipment for mixing
Shaker: an instrument for stirring
Vacuum drying: Drying under reduced pressure
(21) Mass spectrometry ofpeptides (How Mass Spectrometer Works)
Glossary
MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer: Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer
Alpha-CHCA: matrix for MALDI-TOFMS
Acetonitrile: an organic solvent
Trifluoroacetic acid: one type of carboxylic acid
Matrix: a compound that assists in the ionization of target compounds
Reflector: a reflector
(22) Mass spectrometry of peptides (use of mass spectrometer)
Glossary
Mass spectrometer: device that measures the mass of atoms and molecules
(23) Mass spectrometry of peptides (interpretation of mass spectra)
Glossary
PMF: Peptide Mass Fingerprinting
Isotope: isotope
Isotopes: nuclides with the same atomic number but different neutron numbers are called isotopes of each other
Histogram: A graph with frequencies on the vertical axis and classes on the horizontal axis
Monoisotopic mass: monoisotopic mass, the mass of a molecule composed of a single isotope
(24) Protein identification (Explanation)
Glossary
Centroid Mass
S/N Ratio: signal to noise ratio
Actomyosin: protein complex of actin and myosin
Sarcoplasma fraction: a fraction of the cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
(25) Protein identification (search in Mascot)
Glossary
Adenylate kinase isoenzyme 1: Adenylate kinase, enzyme that acts to recycle ADP
hypothetical protein
peptide tol.: error range for the molecular weight of a peptide
Accession ID: unique number given to an amino acid sequence
Genome: the entire genetic information
Genome project: an effort to determine the entire DNA sequence of an organism
methionine: a type of amino acid
(26) Protein identification (Search by BLAST)
Glossary
Adenylate kinase: Adenylate kinase, enzyme that acts to recycle ADP
BLAST: Basic Local Alignment Search Tool, a program that performs homology searches
pI: isoelectric point
Anion-exchange chromatography: a technique for separating proteins according to their charge
Carboxyl group: COOH group, functional group of carboxylic acid
Carrier: a substance that serves as a foundation on which other substances are anchored
Isoelectric point: pH at which the electric charge is zero
Glutamic acid: an amino acid
Lysine: an amino acid
(27) Protein identification (Search in NCBI database)
Glossary
BLAST: Basic Local Alignment Search Tool, a program that performs homology searches
NCBI database: National Center for Biotechnology Information, a database operated by the U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information
