1.The foundation of ecological research is biota
Biogeography, phylogeny, habitat, life history of organisms
2. Powerful tools for ecological research --- various genetic markers
Molecular phylogeny, mode of inheritance, non-Mendelian inheritance
3. Adaptation and evolution of organisms --- research concepts and tools
Darwinian era theories of natural selection and adaptive strategies, Natural selection after Darwin
4. The deeds of fish that survived in the northern seas
Species and ecological diversity of sculpin, genome evolution of lingcod